Day 6: Keynes and Behavioral Economics

Keynes was of the opinion that demand is liable to stay low and create issues such as prolonged unemployment in the economy. He attributed this primarily to people's perceptions and expectations, which is precisely where his views on optimism came in.

He postulated that consumers will buy less and entrepreneurs will invest less if they expect that the economy would be depressed in the foreseeable future. Keynes deemed these expectations as not fully rational, but based on human psychology and how optimistic they were feeling. He coined the term "animal spirits" to describe how people arrive at financial decisions, "a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities."

I believe that this view on the human psyche and decision-making explains why government spending is vital, not only to sustain consumption, but also to nudge the public and build their confidence in the economy so as to raise their expectations.

Thus, Keynesian views are also rooted in Behavioral Economics and the study of human decision-making, which is not a result of rational calculation based on information available, but on a culmination of emotions and perceptions (which are often false).

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Day 10: The Interventionist

Out of all the contributions Keynes has made in the field of Economics, his interventionist approach is probably the one I most agree with. According to Keynes, economies don't stabilize themselves very quickly and require active state intervention to boost short-term demand. Wages and employment too, are slow in their response to the needs of the market, requiring government intervention to keep them on track. I firmly believe that interventionist policies are a massive improvement from the classical inclination to a laissez-faire stance. Such a "leave-it-alone" mentality can be downright harmful for the economy, as absolute autonomy can lead to chaos and mayhem, with private interests taking precedence over overall societal welfare. It also invariably widens the chasms of income inequality. Without government intervention, monopoly power would freely reign and such intervention can regulate markets to function more effectively, as well as cater to public and economic...

Day 9: The Bible of Macroeconomics— The General Theory

Reading Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money is a life-changing experience even in the 21st century. This means it was practically explosive during his times. A time dominated by the reigning classicists and their accepted axioms and ideologies, Keynes challenged all these existing theories and his book was a radical reconsideration of some of these founding principles of Economics, provoking a widespread revolution in economic thought. Keynes's affinity and prowess for problem-solving shines throughout this masterpiece of a book. The heart of The General Theory lies in its analysis of poverty and unemployment, which Keynes saw as having permanent and tragic political and economic consequences. According to Keynes, unemployment is not caused by rigidity of wages or prices, but by lack of incentives to increase production, due to lack of effective demand in the short run and lack of knowledge of the future in the long run. Keynes also addressed the ...

Day 5: Fiscal Policy

If Keynes were to take a peek at the economic scenario of the recent past, what would he see? Most households reduced spending in a bid to repay mortgages which were larger than the values of their houses. Though businesses acquired large amounts, they were hesitant to invest owing to decline in the value of assets. Student debt increased, while consumption decreased. Most importantly, governments reduced their spending in light of austerity policies that aimed to reduce public debt. As a result of an overall decrease in spending, national income decreased and so did jobs, which adversely affected global incomes and employment as well. Central banks increased money supply to stimulate spending, but reluctance to spend was at an all-time high. We were experiencing a Keynesian liquidity trap. This situation calls for a fiscal policy rather than a monetary policy. The government's bid to increase money supply rendered ineffective as the policymaker's ...

15 Days of Keynes.

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